Short Literature Survey (continued)

Preparation of a 15 minute talk at work	Stressor Applied: Preparation of a 15 minute talk at work.
	Response Measured: Urinary Catecholamines (UC) and Cortisol Salivary Cortisol Heart Rate Blood Pressure All in Serial Measurements
Bassett, J.R., Marshall, PM, Spillane R. Physiological Measurement of Acute Stress in Bank Employees. Int. J. psychopysiol. (1987) 5:265.	Findings & Observations: Urinary Adrenaline and UC were significantly elevated immediately following but not before the talk Salivary Cortisol levels were significantly increased before and after the delivery of the talk. The other parameters showed no significant changes. Authors indicated that salivary cortisol more closely reflect plasma changes without the lag-time involved in urinary hormone measurements. Salivary Cortisol would appear to be the measurement of choice in human stress studies.

Short Literature Survey (continued)

Flight tasks in pilots and co-pilots during scheduled assignments	Stressors Applied: Flight tasks in pilots and co-pilots during scheduled assignments.
	Responses Measured: Salivary Cortisol (SC) Heart Rate (HR)
Kakimoto, Y. et al. Crew work load in JASDF C-1 transport flights: change in heart rate and salivary cortisol. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. (1988) 59:511.	Findings & Observations: Bothe SC and HR showed elevations during flights in both pilots and co-pilots. The elevations were inversely related to flying experience. Co-pilots showed higher activation and variability in HR and SC between periods of controlling and non- controlling of the aircraft.

Short Literature Survey (continued)

Controllable and uncontrollable success and failure conditions using a test outcome	Stressors Applied: Controllable and uncontrollable success and failure using a challenge test. Both control and depressed individual were tested before and after the challenge.
	Response Measured: Salivary Cortisol
Croes, S., Merz P., Netter, P. Cortisol reaction in success and failure condition in endogenous depressed patient and controls. Psychoeuroendocrinology. (1993) 18:23.	Findings & Observations: Salivary Cortisol showed no difference between groups in baseline values (before test). However, in controls the cortisol increased after uncontrollable stress and decreased off the baseline with controllable stress. In contrast, cortisol decreased after both conditions in the depressed group although they were as emotionally upset after failure as the control.

Short Literature Survey (continued)

Naps, 40 min. car rides, and 30 min. of maternal separation conducted in healthy 9 month old infants.	Stressors Applied: Naps 40 min. car rides 30 min. of maternal separation conducted in healthy toddlers
	Responses Measured: Salivary Cortisol
Larson, M.C., Gunnar, M., Herstgaard, L. Rhe effects of morning naps, car trips, and maternal seperation on adrenocortical activity in infants. Child Dev. (1991) 62:362.	Findings & Observations: Morning post nap cortisol showed significant decrease compared to base line. Salivary cortisol showed significant drops after a 40 min. car ride independent of falling asleep in the car. Maternal separation resulted in significantly higher salivary cortisol. In infants, distressed behavior was significantly associated with salivary cortisol elevation under stress conditions.

Short Literature Survey (continued)

Hypoglycemic episodes induced by insulin in healthy adults.	Stressors Applied: Hypoglycemic episodes induced by insulin in healthy adults
	Responses Measured: Serum Glucose and Cortisol Salivary Cortisol
Akanji, A.O., et al. Plasma salivary concentrations of glucose and cortisol during insulin induced hypoglycemia stress in healthy nigereans. Afr. J. Med Sci. (1990) 19:265.	Findings & Observations: Serum glucose showed significant decrease following the insulin injection. Cortisol levels in plasma and saliva increased by 50% and 120% at 60 and 90 min. post insulin. The authors conclude that increases in plasma cortisol are reflected in saliva and salivary is an alternative to free plasma cortisol in the dynamic assessment of adreno- corticol function. Serum cortisol fluctuations in response to blood sugar drops (hypoglycemia) are well reflected in salivary cortisol concentrations.

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