Why Saliva?

Advantages to measuring saliva levels vs. serum or urine levels

  1. Non-invasive:
    no blood draw is needed, no risk to the patient
  2. Convenient:
    the specimen can be collected at home or at work at any time of the day
    does not require a trip to have the specimen collected
  3. Precision:
    since hormone levels may vary during the day or during the month,
    multiple specimens can be collected conveniently offering precise measurement.
    saliva measures the biologically active fraction of steroid hormone
    samples are stable for several weeks

Comparative Analysis:

 Saliva Tests

 Serum Tests

 Urine Tests

Real Life Hormone Function Evaluation:

Multiple Salivary Specimens.
Can be collected under real life situations, at work, at home, etc.
Hormone values reflect real life physiological conditions and responses.

Serum collection requires clinic visit and creates apprehension due to anticipation of venipuncture. Stess causes an artificial increase in cortisol.
Only approximates real life conditions.

24 -hour urine has metabolites of the hormones and is not time specific and does not reflect time sensitive hormonal and stress responses.

Ease of Collection:

Saliva is easily collected by the patient.

Serum tests require clinic staff and disruption of routine schedule of patient.

24-hour urine collection is cumbersome and time consuming, especially for women.

Minimal Biohazard:

Patient collects sample with minimal biohazard to clinic staff.

Serum collection is bio-hazardous to clinic staff especially with AIDS and Hepatitis.

Urine collection is minimally bio-hazardous to clinic staff.

Time Specific:

Multiple saliva samples collected at different times allow evaluation of hormonal stress response and circadian rhythm.

The routine single serum sample does not allow circadian rhythm evaluation, i.e., no real time component

 24-hour urine is absolutely time non-specific and does not reflect circadian rhythm variation at all.

 Saliva Tests

Serum Tests

Urine Tests

Bioactive hormonal fraction:

Saliva reflects the unbound bioactive hormone level to which living cells are subjected. This is the hormone level that needs to be evaluated.

Routine serum hormone testing reflects total hormone level not the bioactive fraction. Total levels are crude estimates of unbound bioactive hormone.

Urine hormones reflect production and catabolism and do not reflect tissue level hormone concentrations that living cells are exposed to. Urine hormone interpretation is very misleading.

Therapeutic discrimination:

Because saliva testing can sub classify hormonal dysfunction into time related values, the subclasses of dysfunction are discernable.
Consequently, therapeutic options are expanded and treatments are very specific.

Serum testing results are reported as: high, low, or normal.
Hormone values & treatment options are limited and not always synchronized and harmonious with the natural circadian cycle of the patient.

Urine testing results are reported as: high, low, or normal.
Hormone values & treatment options are limited and not always synchronized and harmonious with the natural circadian cycle of the patient.


Collect A Specimen:
Avoidance List On Day of Collection
DO NOT EAT:
Chocolate/Cocoa Onions Garlic
Cauliflower Broccoli Cabbage

(it is not problematic if the above are condiments, less than 1 tablespoon, in food)
DO NOT DRINK:
Coffee Tea
Caffeinated drinks (coke, guarana)
DO NOT:
Use mouthwash
Smoke
Preparation/Consideration
NIGHT BEFORE COLLECTION:
Do not take sublingual hormones or troches
AVOID:
Antacids Bismuth Medications
30-60 MINUTES BEFORE COLLECTION:
Do not eat or drink anything except tap water
Do not brush teeth
How To Collect Saliva
3-5 MINUTES BEFORE COLLECTION:
Rinse mouth thoroughly with very cold water
COLLECTING SALIVA ON COTTON ROLL:
Remove cotton roll from tube and place it under tongue for 2-5 minutes until it is saturated
Return cotton roll to tube, cap tightly, and place vial in zip lock bag with absorbent pad
Refrigerate samples
Refer to mailing instructions below

Resources:

Saliva has proven to be an easy to collect and reliable sample source for many biological studies.  In some cases, it is even superior to other body fluids for measuring biomarker levels.  This section lists references for those wishing additional information on the utility of saliva testing.

If you find additional resources you think would be appropriate to diagnostic saliva testing please contact us.

“Salivary levels of steroid hormones and other analytes that are protein bound in serum reflect the unbound and active concentration of the hormone. Saliva can be used as a diagnostic specimen not only to obtain information more inexpensively and efficiently than serum, but also to provide information not readily available from serum testing.” J. Nutr. 131: 1621S–1625S, 2001.

 

“Although saliva has not yet become a mainstream sample source for hormone analysis, it has proven to be reliable and, in some cases, even superior to other body fluids”. Clin Chem 2008; 54:11 1759-1769

 

“Recent studies have demonstrated that late-night salivary cortisol measurements provide a sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome of more than 90%, and this procedure is emerging as possibly the simplest and most effective screening tool for patients in whom the diagnosis of hypercotisolism is suspected”. Greenspan’s Basic & Clinical Endocrinology 8Th ed. 2007 page 364.

 

“It is expected that the use of the measurement of salivary cortisol will become routine in the evaluation of patients with disorders of the HPA axis”. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Oct;94(10):3647-55

 

“We recommend initial use of one test with high diagnostic accuracy…late night salivary cortisol…” Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline 2008

Saliva Testing (General):...................................................................................................... 2

Aldosterone:................................................................................................... 3

Androstenedione:............................................................................................................... 3

Antigliadin Antibody IgA:................................................................................................. 3

Cortisol:....................................................................................................... 4

Dehydroepiandrosterone [DHEA and DHEA(s)]:.................................................................................................... 10

Estrogens, Estradiol, Estriol, Estrone:....................................................................................................... 12

Follicle Stimulating Hormone(FSH) & Lutenizing Hormone(LH):............................................................................................... 15

Immunoglobulin A (IgA).................................................................................................... 15

Melatonin:.................................................................................................... 16

Progesterone:................................................................................................ 16

Testosterone & Dihydrotestosterone (DHT):................................................................................................. 21

 

Saliva Testing (General):

Gröschl M.  The physiological role of hormones in saliva. Bioessays. 2009 Aug;31(8):843-52.

 

Gröschl M.  Current status of salivary hormone analysis. Clin Chem 2008; 54:11 1759-1769

 

Lewis JG. Steroid Analysis in Saliva: An overview.  Clin Biochem Rev. 2006 Aug;27(3):139-46.

Hofman, LF. Human Saliva as a Diagnostic Specimen.  Journal of Nutrition. 2001;131:1621S-1625S

Tabak, LA. A Revolutin in Biomedical Assessment: The Development of Salivary Diagnostics. J Dent Educ. 2001; Vol. 65(12): 1335-1339  

Quissell D. Steroid hormone analysis in human saliva. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1993;694:143-145.

Wilson DW, Walker RF, Griffiths K. Saliva as a medium for chronobiological studies: its particular potential in steroid endocrinology. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 1993;29(4):607-11.

Read GF, Walker RF, Wilson DW, Griffiths K. Steroid analysis in saliva for the assessment of endocrine function. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1990;595:260-74.

Walker RF, Read GF, Wilson DW, Riad-Fahmy D, Griffiths K. Chronobiology in laboratory medicine: principles and clinical applications illustrated from measurements of neutral steroids in saliva. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1990;341A:105-17.

Read GF. Human Saliva: Hormones in Saliva. Clinical Chem and Microbiol 1989; Vol.II pp. 147-176

Vining RF, McGinley RA. The measurement of hormones in saliva: possibilities and pitfalls. J Steroid Biochem. 1987;27(1-3):81-94.

Vining RF, McGinley RA. Hormones in saliva. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 1986;23(2):95-146.

Vining RF, McGinley RA, Symons RG. Hormones in saliva: mode of entry and consequent implications for clinical interpretation. Clin Chem 1983;29:1752-1756.

Riad-Fahmy D, Read GF, Walker RF. Salivary steroid assays for assessing variation in endocrine activity. J Steroid Biochem 1983;19:265-272.


Aldosterone:

Cardoso E, Persi G, González N, Tumilasci O, Arregger A, Burgos M, Rodríguez V, Molina A, Contreras LN. Assessment of adrenal function by measurement of salivary steroids in response to corticotrophin in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Steroids. 2007 Apr;72(4):328-34.  

Contreras LN, Arregger AL, Persi GG, Gonzalez NS, Cardoso EM.  A new less-invasive and more informative low-dose ACTH test: salivary steroids in response to intramuscular corticotrophin. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2004 Dec;61(6):675-82.  

Androstenedione:

Lonning PE, Dowsett M, Jacobs S, Schem B, Hardy J, Powles TJ. Lack of diurnal variation in plasma levels of androstenedione, testosterone, estrone and estradiol in postmenopausal women.  J Steroid Biochem. 1989;34(1-6):551-3.

Young MC, Walker RF, Riad-Fahmy D, Hughes IA. Androstenedione rhythms in saliva in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Arch Dis Child 1988;63:624-628.

Baxendale PM, Jacobs HS, James VH. Plasma and salivary androstenedione and dihydrotestosterone in women with hyperandrogenism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1983 May;18(5):447-57.

Wellen JJ, Smals AG, Rijken JC, Kloppenborg PW, Benraad TJ. Testosterone and androstenedione in the saliva of patients with Klinefelter’s Syndrome. Clin Endocrinol 1983;18:51-59.

Antigliadin Antibody IgA:

Rujner J, Socha J, Barra E, Gregorek H, Madaliński K, Woźniewicz B, Giera B. Serum and salivary antigliadin antibodies and serum IgA anti-endomysium antibodies as a screening test for coeliac disease. Acta Paediatr. 1996 Jul;85(7):814-7.

Hakeem V, Fifield R, al-Bayaty HF, Aldred MJ, Walker DM, Williams J, Jenkins HR. Salivary IgA antigliadin antibody as a marker for coeliac disease. Arch Dis Child. 1992 Jun;67(6):724-7.


Cortisol:

Liening SH, Stanton SJ, Saini EK, Schultheiss OC. Salivary testosterone, cortisol, and progesterone: two-week stability, interhormone correlations, and effects of time of day, menstrual cycle, and oral contraceptive use on steroid hormone levels. Physiol Behav. 2010 Jan 12;99(1):8-16.

Beko G, Varga I, Glaz E, Sereg M, Feldman K, Toth M, Racz K, Patocs A. Cutoff values of midnight salivary cortisol for the diagnosis of overt hypercortisolism are highly influenced by methods. Clin Chim Acta. 2009 Dec 5.

Steptoe A, Gylfe A, Shamaei-Tousi A, Bergstrom S, Henderson B. Pathogen burden and cortisol profiles over the day. Epidemiol Infect. 2009 Dec;137(12):1816-24.

Deutschbein T, Unger N, Mann K, Petersenn S. Diagnosis of secondary adrenal insufficiency: unstimulated early morning cortisol in saliva and serum in comparison with the insulin tolerance test. Horm Metab Res. 2009 Nov;41(11):834-9.

Bakkeheim E, Mowinckel P, Carlsen K, Burney P, Lødrup Carlsen K. Reduced basal salivary cortisol in children with asthma and allergic rhinitis. Acta Paediatr. 2009 Nov 13.

Gerritsen L, Geerlings MI, Beekman AT, Deeg DJ, Penninx BW, Comijs HC. Early and late life events and salivary cortisol in older persons. Psychol Med. 2009 Nov 26:1-10.

Deutschbein T, Unger N, Hinrichs J, Walz MK, Mann K, Petersenn S. Late-night and low-dose dexamethasone-suppressed cortisol in saliva and serum for the diagnosis of cortisol-secreting adrenal adenomas. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009 Nov;161(5):747-53.

Thomas NE, Leyshon A, Hughes MG, Davies B, Graham M, Baker JS. The effect of anaerobic exercise on salivary cortisol, testosterone and immunoglobulin (A) in boys aged 15-16 years. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2009 Nov;107(4):455-61.

Petrowski K, Herold U, Joraschky P, Wittchen HU, Kirschbaum C. A striking pattern of cortisol non-responsiveness to psychosocial stress in patients with panic disorder with concurrent normal cortisol awakening responses. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009 Nov 11.

Bertagna X, Guignat L, Groussin L, Bertherat J. Cushing's disease. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Oct;23(5):607-23.

Raff H. Utility of salivary cortisol measurements in Cushing's syndrome and adrenal insufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Oct;94(10):3647-55. Epub 2009 Jul 14.

Boscaro M, Arnaldi G. Approach to the patient with possible Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Sep;94(9):3121-31.

Lusa Cadore E, Lhullier FL, Arias Brentano M, Marczwski Da Silva E, Bueno Ambrosini M, Spinelli R, Ferrari Silva R, Martins Kruel LF. Salivary hormonal responses to resistance exercise in trained and untrained middle-aged men. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2009 Sep;49(3):301-7.

Carroll T, Raff H, Findling JW. Late-night salivary cortisol for the diagnosis of Cushing syndrome: a meta-analysis. Endocr Pract. 2009 Jul-Aug;15(4):335-42.

Oskis A, Loveday C, Hucklebridge F, Thorn L, Clow A. Diurnal patterns of salivary cortisol across the adolescent period in healthy females. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009 Apr;34(3):307-16.

Deutschbein T, Unger N, Mann K, Petersenn S. Diagnosis of secondary adrenal insufficiency in patients with hypothalamic-pituitary disease: comparison between serum and salivary cortisol during the high-dose short synacthen test. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009 Jan;160(1):9-16.

Törnhage CJ. Salivary cortisol for assessment of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2009;16(5):284-9.

Di Luigi L, Baldari C, Sgrò P, Emerenziani GP, Gallotta MC, Bianchini S, Romanelli F, Pigozzi F, Lenzi A, Guidetti L. The type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitor tadalafil influences salivary cortisol, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate responses to maximal exercise in healthy men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Sep;93(9):3510-4.

Jessop DS, Turner-Cobb JM. Measurement and meaning of salivary cortisol: a focus on health and disease in children. Stress. 2008;11(1):1-14.

Restituto P, Galofré JC, Gil MJ, Mugueta C, Santos S, Monreal JI, Varo N.  Advantage of salivary cortisol measurements in the diagnosis of glucocorticoid related disorders.  Clin Biochem. 2008 Jun;41(9):688-92.

Carroll T, Raff H, Findling JW. Late-night salivary cortisol measurement in the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Jun;4(6):344-50.

Nieman LK, Biller BM, Findling JW, Newell-Price J, Savage MO, Stewart PM, Montori VM. The diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 May;93(5):1526-40.  

Fassett MJ, Lachelin GC, McGarrigle HH, Wing DA. Alterations in saliva steroid hormone levels after oral mifepristone administration in women with pregnancies of greater than 41 weeks' gestation. Reprod Sci. 2008 Apr;15(4):394-9.

Nater UM, Youngblood LS, Jones JF, Unger ER, Miller AH, Reeves WC, Heim C. Alterations in diurnal salivary cortisol rhythm in a population-based sample of cases with chronic fatigue syndrome. Psychosom Med. 2008 Apr;70(3):298-305.  

Doi M, Sekizawa N, Tani Y, Tsuchiya K, Kouyama R, Tateno T, Izumiyama H, Yoshimoto T, Hirata Y. Late-night salivary cortisol as a screening test for the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome in Japan.  Endocr J. 2008 Mar;55(1):121-6. Epub 2008 Jan 17.

Arregger AL, Cardoso EM, Tumilasci O, Contreras LN.  Diagnostic value of salivary cortisol in end stage renal disease.  Steroids. 2008 Jan;73(1):77-82. Epub 2007 Sep 11.

Cadore E, Lhullier F, Brentano M, Silva E, Ambrosini M, Spinelli R, Silva R, Kruel L. Correlations between serum and salivary hormonal concentrations in response to resistance exercise. J Sports Sci. 2008 Aug;26(10):1067-72.

Castro M, Moreira AC.  Screening and diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome.  Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2007 Nov;51(8):1191-8  

Granger DA, Cicchetti D, Rogosch FA, Hibel LC, Teisl M, Flores E. Blood contamination in children's saliva: prevalence, stability, and impact on the measurement of salivary cortisol, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2007 Jul;32(6):724-33.

Ahn RS, Lee YJ, Choi JY, Kwon HB, Chun SI. Salivary cortisol and DHEA levels in the Korean population: age-related differences, diurnal rhythm, and correlations with serum levels. Yonsei Med J. 2007 Jun 30;48(3):379-88.

Cardoso E, Persi G, González N, Tumilasci O, Arregger A, Burgos M, Rodríguez V, Molina A, Contreras LN. Assessment of adrenal function by measurement of salivary steroids in response to corticotrophin in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Steroids. 2007 Apr;72(4):328-34.  

Løvås K, Husebye ES.  Salivary cortisol in adrenal diseases.  Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2007 Mar 15;127(6):730-2.

dos Santos E, dos Santos JE, Ribeiro RP, Rosa E Silva AC, Moreira AC, Silva de Sá MF. Absence of circadian salivary cortisol rhythm in women with anorexia nervosa. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2007 Feb;20(1):13-8.

Wirth MM, Meier EA, Fredrickson BL, Schultheiss OC. Relationship between salivary cortisol and progesterone levels in humans. Biol Psychol. 2007 Jan;74(1):104-7

Törnhage CJ, Alfvén G. Diurnal salivary cortisol concentration in school-aged children: increased morning cortisol concentration and total cortisol concentration negatively correlated to body mass index in children with recurrent abdominal pain of psychosomatic origin. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jun;19(6):843-54.

Patacchioli FR, Monnazzi P, Simeoni S, De Filippis S, Salvatori E, Coloprisco G, Martelletti P. Salivary cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate (DHEA-S) and testosterone in women with chronic migraine. J Headache Pain. 2006 Apr;7(2):90-4.

Marcus-Perlman Y, Tordjman K, Greenman Y, Limor R, Shenkerman G, Osher E, Stern N. Low-dose ACTH (1 microg) salivary test: a potential alternative to the classical blood test. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006 Feb;64(2):215-8.

Whembolua GL, Granger DA, Singer S, Kivlighan KT, Marguin JA. Bacteria in the oral mucosa and its effects on the measurement of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone, and testosterone in saliva. Horm Behav. 2006 Apr;49(4):478-83.

Vogeser M, Durner J, Seliger E, Auernhammer C. Measurement of late-night salivary cortisol with an automated immunoassay system. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2006;44(12):1441-5.

Viardot A, Huber P, Puder JJ, Zulewski H, Keller U, Müller B. Reproducibility of nighttime salivary cortisol and its use in the diagnosis of hypercortisolism compared with urinary free cortisol and overnight dexamethasone suppression test. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Oct;90(10):5730-6.

Gozansky WS, Lynn JS, Laudenslager ML, Kohrt WM. Salivary cortisol determined by enzyme immunoassay is preferable to serum total cortisol for assessment of dynamic hypothalamic--pituitary--adrenal axis activity. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005 Sep;63(3):336-41.

Grossi G, Perski A, Ekstedt M, Johansson T, Lindström M, Holm K. The morning salivary cortisol response in burnout. J Psychosom Res. 2005 Aug;59(2):103-11.

 

Rosmalen JG, Oldehinkel AJ, Ormel J, de Winter AF, Buitelaar JK, Verhulst FC. Determinants of salivary cortisol levels in 10-12 year old children; a population-based study of individual differences. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2005 Jun;30(5):483-95.

Trilck M, Flitsch J, Lüdecke DK, Jung R, Petersenn S. Salivary cortisol measurement--a reliable method for the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2005 Apr;113(4):225-30.

Garde AH, Hansen AM. Long-term stability of salivary cortisol. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2005;65(5):433-6.

Contreras LN, Arregger AL, Persi GG, Gonzalez NS, Cardoso EM.  A new less-invasive and more informative low-dose ACTH test: salivary steroids in response to intramuscular corticotrophin. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2004 Dec;61(6):675-82.  

Assies J, Visser I, Nicolson NA, Eggelte TA, Wekking EM, Huyser J, Lieverse R, Schene AH. Elevated salivary dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate but normal cortisol levels in medicated depressed patients: preliminary findings. Psychiatry Res. 2004 Sep 30;128(2):117-22.

Kivlighan KT, Granger DA, Schwartz EB, Nelson V, Curran M, Shirtcliff EA. Quantifying blood leakage into the oral mucosa and its effects on the measurement of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone, and testosterone in saliva. Horm Behav. 2004 Jun;46(1):39-46.

Putignano P, Toja P, Dubini A, Pecori Giraldi F, Corsello SM, Cavagnini F. Midnight salivary cortisol versus urinary free and midnight serum cortisol as screening tests for Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Sep;88(9):4153-7.

Krause W, Mueller U, Mazur A. Measurement of steroid levels in saliva in a population-based survey of lifestyle, medical conditions, marriage, sex life and hormone status in aging men: a feasibility study. Aging Male. 2002 Dec;5(4):203-15.

Jacks DE, Sowash J, Anning J, McGloughlin T, Andres F. Effect of exercise at three exercise intensities on salivary cortisol. J Strength Cond Res. 2002 May;16(2):286-9.

Törnhage CJ. Reference values for morning salivary cortisol concentrations in healthy school-aged children. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Feb;15(2):197-204.

Gröschl M, Rauh M, Schmid P, Dörr HG.  Relationship between salivary progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and cortisol levels throughout the normal menstrual cycle of healthy postmenarcheal girls. Fertility and Sterility September 2001; Volume 76, Issue 3, Pages 615-617

Peter H. Gann, Susan Giovanazzi, Linda Van Horn, Amy Branning and Robert T. Chatterton, Jr. Saliva as a Medium for Investigating Intra- and Interindividual Differences in Sex Hormone Levels in Premenopausal Women. Can Ep Biomarkers & Prevention Vol. 10, 59-64, January 2001

Castro M, Elias PC, Martinelli CE Jr, Antonini SR, Santiago L, Moreira AC.  Salivary cortisol as a tool for physiological studies and diagnostic strategies.  Braz J Med Biol Res. 2000 Oct;33(10):1171-5.

Martinelli CE Jr, Sader SL, Oliveira EB, Daneluzzi JC, Moreira AC. Salivary cortisol for screening of Cushing's syndrome in children.  Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1999 Jul;51(1):67-71.

Castro M, Elias PC, Quidute AR, Halah FP, Moreira AC.  Out-patient screening for Cushing's syndrome: the sensitivity of the combination of circadian rhythm and overnight dexamethasone suppression salivary cortisol tests.  J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Mar;84(3):878-82.

Scheer FA, Buijs RM. Light affects morning salivary cortisol in humans. J Clin Endocrinol 1999;84:3395-3398.

Stones A, Groome D, Perry D, Hucklebridge F, Evans P. The effect of stress on salivary cortisol in panic disorder patients. J Affect Disorders 1999;52:197-201.

Johansson A, Henriksson A, Olofsson BO, Olsson T. Adrenal steroid dysregulation in dystrophia myotonica. J Int Med 1999;245:345-351.

Voss HF.  Saliva as a fluid for measurement of estradiol levels.  Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:S226-231.

Clements AD, Parker CR. The relationship between salivary cortisol concentrations in frozen versus mailed samples. Psychoneuroendocrinol 1998;23:613-616.

Aardal-Eriksson E, Karlberg BE, Holm AC. Salivary cortisol and alternative to serum cortisol determinations in dynamic function tests. Clin Chem Lab Med. 1998 Apr;36(4):215-22.

Goodyer IM, Herbert J, Altham PM. Adrenal steroid secretion and major depression in 8- to 16-year-olds, III. Influence of cortisol/DHEA ratio at presentation on subsequent rates of disappointing life events and persistent major depression. Psychol Med. 1998 Mar;28(2):265-73.

Raff H, Raff JL, Findling JW. Late-night salivary cortisol as a screening test for Cushing’s Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:2681-2686.

Schwartz EB, Granger DA, Susman EJ, Gunnar MR, Laird B. Assessing salivary cortisol in studies of child development. Child Dev 1998;69:1503-1513.

Goodyer IM, Herbert J, Altham PM, Pearson J, Secher SM, Shiers HM. Adrenal secretion during major depression in 8- to 16-year-olds, I. Altered diurnal rhythms in salivary cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) at presentation. Psychol Med. 1996 Mar;26(2):245-56.

Barrou Z, Guiban D, Maroufi A, Fournier C, Dugue MA, Luton JP, Thomopoulos P. Overnight dexamethasone suppression test: comparison of plasma and salivary cortisol measurement for the screening of Cushing’s syndrome. Eur J Endocrin 1996;134:93-96.

Aardal E, Holm AC. Cortisol in saliva-reference ranges and relation to cortisol in serum. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1995;33:927-932.

Tunn S, Mollmann H, Barth J, Derendorf H, Krieg M. Simultaneous measurement of cortisol in serum and saliva after different forms of cortisol administration. Clin Chem 1992;38:1491-1494.

McDowell SL, Hughes RA, Hughes RJ, Housh TJ, Johnson GO. The effect of exercise training on salivary immunoglobulin A and cortisol responses to maximal exercise. Int J Sports Med. 1992 Nov;13(8):577-80.

Lo MS, Ng ML, Azmy BS, Khalid BA. Clinical applications of salivary cortisol measurements.  Sing Med J 1992;33:170.

Allolio B, Hoffmann J, Linton EA, Winkelmann W, Kusche M, Schulte HM. Diurnal salivary cortisol patterns during pregnancy and after delivery: relationship to plasma corticotrophinreleasing hormone. Clin Endocrinol 1990;33:279-289.

Williams H, Read G F, Verrier-Jones E R, et al. Effect of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate on saliva cortisol concentrations. Arch Dis Child 1984 59: 553-556

Vining RF, McGinley RA, Maksvytis JJ, Ho KY. Salivary cortisol: a better measure of adrenal cortical function than serum cortisol. Ann Clin Biochem. 1983 Nov;20 (Pt 6):329-35.

Read GF, Wilson DW, Campbell FC, Holliday HW, Blamey RW, Griffiths K. Salivary cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate levels in postmenopausal women with primary breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1983;19:477-483.

Peters JR, Walker RF, Riad-Fahmy D, Hall R. Salivary cortisol assays for assessing pituitary-adrenal reserve. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1982 Dec;17(6):583-92.

Dehydroepiandrosterone [DHEA and DHEA(s)]:

Gavrilova N, Lindau ST. Salivary sex hormone measurement in a national, population-based study of older adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2009 Nov;64 Suppl 1:i94-105.

Lusa Cadore E, Lhullier FL, Arias Brentano M, Marczwski Da Silva E, Bueno Ambrosini M, Spinelli R, Ferrari Silva R, Martins Kruel LF. Salivary hormonal responses to resistance exercise in trained and untrained middle-aged men. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2009 Sep;49(3):301-7.

Spaan M, Porola P, Laine M, Rozman B, Azuma M, Konttinen YT. Healthy human salivary glands contain a DHEA-sulphate processing intracrine machinery, which is deranged in primary Sjögren's syndrome. J Cell Mol Med. 2009 Jul;13(7):1261-70.

Porola P, Virkki L, Przybyla BD, Laine M, Patterson TA, Pihakari A, Konttinen YT. Androgen deficiency and defective intracrine processing of dehydroepiandrosterone in salivary glands in Sjögren's syndrome. J Rheumatol. 2008 Nov;35(11):2229-35.

Di Luigi L, Baldari C, Sgrò P, Emerenziani GP, Gallotta MC, Bianchini S, Romanelli F, Pigozzi F, Lenzi A, Guidetti L. The type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitor tadalafil influences salivary cortisol, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate responses to maximal exercise in healthy men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Sep;93(9):3510-4.

Cadore E, Lhullier F, Brentano M, Silva E, Ambrosini M, Spinelli R, Silva R, Kruel L. Correlations between serum and salivary hormonal concentrations in response to resistance exercise. J Sports Sci. 2008 Aug;26(10):1067-72.

Granger DA, Cicchetti D, Rogosch FA, Hibel LC, Teisl M, Flores E. Blood contamination in children's saliva: prevalence, stability, and impact on the measurement of salivary cortisol, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2007 Jul;32(6):724-33.

Ahn RS, Lee YJ, Choi JY, Kwon HB, Chun SI. Salivary cortisol and DHEA levels in the Korean population: age-related differences, diurnal rhythm, and correlations with serum levels. Yonsei Med J. 2007 Jun 30;48(3):379-88.

Patacchioli FR, Monnazzi P, Simeoni S, De Filippis S, Salvatori E, Coloprisco G, Martelletti P. Salivary cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate (DHEA-S) and testosterone in women with chronic migraine. J Headache Pain. 2006 Apr;7(2):90-4.

Whembolua GL, Granger DA, Singer S, Kivlighan KT, Marguin JA. Bacteria in the oral mucosa and its effects on the measurement of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone, and testosterone in saliva. Horm Behav. 2006 Apr;49(4):478-83.

Assies J, Visser I, Nicolson NA, Eggelte TA, Wekking EM, Huyser J, Lieverse R, Schene AH. Elevated salivary dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate but normal cortisol levels in medicated depressed patients: preliminary findings. Psychiatry Res. 2004 Sep 30;128(2):117-22.

Kivlighan KT, Granger DA, Schwartz EB, Nelson V, Curran M, Shirtcliff EA. Quantifying blood leakage into the oral mucosa and its effects on the measurement of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone, and testosterone in saliva. Horm Behav. 2004 Jun;46(1):39-46.

Krause W, Mueller U, Mazur A. Measurement of steroid levels in saliva in a population-based survey of lifestyle, medical conditions, marriage, sex life and hormone status in aging men: a feasibility study. Aging Male. 2002 Dec;5(4):203-15.

Granger DA, Schwartz EB, Booth A, Curran M, Zakaria D. Assessing dehydroepiandrosterone in saliva: a simple radioimmunoassay for use in studies of children, adolescents and adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1999;24:567-579.

Goodyer IM, Herbert J, Altham PM. Adrenal steroid secretion and major depression in 8- to 16-year-olds, III. Influence of cortisol/DHEA ratio at presentation on subsequent rates of disappointing life events and persistent major depression. Psychol Med. 1998 Mar;28(2):265-73.

Goodyer IM, Herbert J, Altham PM, Pearson J, Secher SM, Shiers HM. Adrenal secretion during major depression in 8- to 16-year-olds, I. Altered diurnal rhythms in salivary cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) at presentation. Psychol Med. 1996 Mar;26(2):245-56.

Lac G, Lac N, Robert A. Steroid assays in saliva: a method to detect plasmatic contaminations. Arch Int Physiol Biochim Biophys 1993;101:257-262.

Swinkels LM, Ross HA, Smals AG, Benraad TJ. Concentrations of total and free dehydroepiandrosterone in plasma and dehydroepiandrosterone in saliva of normal and hirsute women under basal conditions and during administration of dexamethasone/synthetic corticotropin. Clin Chem 1990;16:2042-2046.

Read GF, Wilson DW, Campbell FC, Holliday HW, Blamey RW, Griffiths K. Salivary cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate levels in postmenopausal women with primary breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1983;19:477-483.

Estrogens, Estradiol, Estriol, Estrone:

Gavrilova N, Lindau ST. Salivary sex hormone measurement in a national, population-based study of older adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2009 Nov;64 Suppl 1:i94-105.

Van Anders SM. Gonadal steroids and salivary IgA in healthy young women and men. Am J Hum Biol. 2009 Oct 14.

Tillman GD. Estradiol levels during the menstrual cycle differentially affect latencies to right and left hemispheres during dichotic listening: An ERP study. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009 Jul 20.

Celec P, Ostaniková D, Skoknová M, Hodosy J, Putz Z, Kúdela M. Salivary sex hormones during the menstrual cycle. Endocr J. 2009 Jun;56(3):521-3.

Klebanoff MA, Meis PJ, Dombrowski MP, Zhao Y, Moawad AH, Northen A, Sibai BM, Iams JD, Varner MW, Caritis SN, O'Sullivan MJ, Leveno KJ, Miodovnik M, Conway D, Wapner RJ, Carpenter M, Mercer BM, Ramin SM, Thorp JM, Peaceman AM; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Salivary progesterone and estriol among pregnant women treated with 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate or placebo. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Nov;199(5):506.e1-7

Emaus A, Espetvedt S, Veierød MB, Ballard-Barbash R, Furberg AS, Ellison PT, Jasienska G, Hjartåker A, Thune I. 17-beta-estradiol in relation to age at menarche and adult obesity in premenopausal women. Hum Reprod. 2008 Apr;23(4):919-27.

Fassett MJ, Lachelin GC, McGarrigle HH, Wing DA. Alterations in saliva steroid hormone levels after oral mifepristone administration in women with pregnancies of greater than 41 weeks' gestation. Reprod Sci. 2008 Apr;15(4):394-9.

Geisler J, Ekse D, Helle H, Duong NK, Lønning PE. An optimized, highly sensitive radioimmunoassay for the simultaneous measurement of estrone, estradiol and estrone sulfate in the ultra-low range in human plasma samples. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2008 Mar;109(1-2):90-5. Epub 2007 Dec 15.

Núñez-De La Mora A, Bentley GR, Choudhury OA, Napolitano DA, Chatterton RT. The impact of developmental conditions on adult salivary estradiol levels: why this differs from progesterone? Am J Hum Biol. 2008 Jan-Feb;20(1):2-14.

GANDARA B K, LERESCHE L, MANCL L. Patterns of Salivary Estradiol and Progesterone across the Menstrual Cycle. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007 March; 1098: 446–450.

Chatterton RT Jr, Zujewski J, Mateo ET, Eng-Wong J, Jordan VC. Effect of raloxifene on salivary sex steroid concentrations in premenopausal women. J Endocrinol. 2006 Dec;191(3):599-604.

Kapiszewska M, Miskiewicz M, Ellison PT, Thune I, Jasienska G. High tea consumption diminishes salivary 17beta-estradiol concentration in Polish women. Br J Nutr. 2006 May;95(5):989-95.

Chatterton RT Jr, Mateo ET, Hou N, Rademaker AW, Acharya S, Jordan VC, Morrow M. Characteristics of salivary profiles of oestradiol and progesterone in premenopausal women. J Endocrinol. 2005 Jul;186(1):77-84.

Bribiescas RG. Age-related differences in serum gonadotropin (FSH and LH), salivary testosterone, and 17-beta estradiol levels among Ache Amerindian males of Paraguay. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2005 May;127(1):114-21.

Kivlighan KT, Granger DA, Schwartz EB. Blood contamination and the measurement of salivary progesterone and estradiol. Horm Behav. 2005 Mar;47(3):367-70.

Ramsey PS, Andrews WW. Biochemical predictors of preterm labor: fetal fibronectin and salivary estriol. Clin Perinatol. 2003 Dec;30(4):701-33.

Krause W, Mueller U, Mazur A. Measurement of steroid levels in saliva in a population-based survey of lifestyle, medical conditions, marriage, sex life and hormone status in aging men: a feasibility study. Aging Male. 2002 Dec;5(4):203-15.

Leff R P, Goldkrand‌ J W. The effect of betamethasone on salivary estriol.  J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2002 Mar;11(3):192-5

Hedriana HL, Munro CJ, Eby-Wilkens EM, Lasley BL. Changes in rates of salivary estriol increases before parturition at term. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001 Jan;184(2):123-30.

Gann PH, Giovanazzi S, Van Horn L, Branning A, Chatterton RT Jr. Saliva as a medium for investigating intra- and interindividual differences in sex hormone levels in premenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001 Jan;10(1):59-64.

Shirtcliff EA, Granger DA, Schwartz EB, Curran MJ, Booth A, Overman WH. Assessing estradiol in biobehavioral studies using saliva and blood spots: simple radioimmunoassay protocols, reliability, and comparative validity. Horm Behav 2000;38:137-147.

Kudielka BM, Schmidt-Reinwald AK, Hellhammer DH, Kirschbaum C. Psychological and endocrine responses to psychosocial stress and dexamethasone/corticotropin-releasing hormone in healthy postmenopausal women and young controls: the impact of age and a two-week estradiol treatment. Neuroendocrinol 1999;70:422-430.

Heine RP, McGregor JA, Dullien VK. Accuracy of salivary estriol testing compared to traditional risk factor assessment in predicting preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:S214-218.

Lu Y, Bentley GR, Gann PH, Hodges KR, Chatterton RT. Salivary estradiol and progesterone levels in conception and nonconception cycles in women: evaluation of a new assay for salivary estradiol.  Fertil Steril. 1999 May;71(5):863-8.

Hendershott CM, Dullien V, Goodwin TM. Serial betamethasone administration: effect on maternal salivary estriol levels. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999 Jan;180(1 Pt 3):S219-22.

McGregor JA, Hastings C, Roberts T, Barrett J. Diurnal variation in saliva estriol level during pregnancy: a pilot study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999; 180:S223-225.

McGregor JA, Jackson GM, Lachelin GC, Goodwin TM, Artal R, Hastings C, Dullien V. Salivary estriol as risk assessment for preterm labor: a prospective trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;173:1337-1342.

Read GF. Status report on measurement of salivary estrogens and androgens. Ann NY Acad Sci 1993:146-160.

Moran DJ, McGarrigle HH, Lachelin GC. Lack of normal increase in saliva estriol/progesterone ratio in women with labor induced at 42 weeks’ gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;167:1563-1564.

Wong YF, Mao K, Panesar NS, Loong EP, Chang AM, Mi ZJ. Salivary estradiol and progesterone during the  normal ovulatory menstrual cycle in Chinese women. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1990; 34:129-135.

Worthman CM, Stallings JF, Hofman LF. Sensitive salivary estradiol assay for monitoring ovarian function. Clin Chem 1990;36:1769-1773.

De Cree C, Lewin R, Ostyn M. The monitoring of the menstrual status of female athletes by salivary steroid determination and ultrasonography. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1990;60(6):472-7.

Lonning PE, Dowsett M, Jacobs S, Schem B, Hardy J, Powles TJ. Lack of diurnal variation in plasma levels of androstenedione, testosterone, estrone and estradiol in postmenopausal women.  J Steroid Biochem. 1989;34(1-6):551-3.

Mounib N, Sultan C, Bringer J, Hedon B, Nicolas JC, Cristol P, Bressot N, Descomps B. Correlations between free plasma estradiol and estrogens determined by bioluminescence in saliva, plasma, and urine during spontaneous and FSH stimulated cycles in women. J Steroid Biochem. 1988 Nov;31(5):861-5.

Perry LA, Wathen N, Chard T. Saliva levels of estradiol and progesterone in relation to nonprotein-bound concentrations in blood during late pregnancy. Horm Metab Res. 1987 Sep;19(9):444-7.

Darne J, McGarrigle HH, Lachelin GC. Saliva oestriol, oestradiol, oestrone and progesterone levels in pregnancy: spontaneous labour at term is preceded by a rise in the saliva oestriol:progesterone ratio. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1987 Mar;94(3):227-35.

Wang DY, Fantl VE, Habibollahi F, Clark GM, Fentiman IS, Hayward JL, Bulbrook RD. Salivary oestradiol and progesterone levels in premenopausal women with breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol1986 Apr;22(4):427-33.

Weissbach A, Freymann E, Hubl W, Seefried W, Neef B, Thiele HJ. Enzymeimmunoassay of unconjugated estriol in serum and saliva during pregnancy. Exp Clin Endocrinol. 1985 Dec;86(2):178-84.

Belkien LD, Bordt J, Moller P, Hano R, Nieschlag E. Estradiol in saliva for monitoring follicular stimulation in an in vitro fertilization program. Fertil Steril 1985;44:322.

Lechner W, Marth C, Daxenbichler G. Correlation of estriol levels in saliva, plasma and urine of pregnant women. Acta Endocrinol 1985;109:266-268. Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine 2002, Vol. 11, No. 3, Pages 192-195

Sufi SB, Donaldson A, Gandy SC, Jeffcoate SL, Chearskul S, Goh H, Hazra D, Romero C, Wang HZ. Multicenter evaluation of assays for estradiol and progesterone in saliva. Clin Chem. 1985 Jan;31(1):101-3.

Lachelin GC, McGarrigle HH. A comparison of saliva, plasma unconjugated and plasma total estriol levels throughout normal pregnancy. Brit J Obstet Gyn 1984;91:1203-1209.

Choe JK, Khan-Dawood FS, Dawood MY. Progesterone and estradiol in the saliva and plasma during the menstrual cycle. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983;147:557-562.

Follicle Stimulating Hormone(FSH) & Lutenizing Hormone(LH):

Bribiescas RG. Age-related differences in serum gonadotropin (FSH and LH), salivary testosterone, and 17-beta estradiol levels among Ache Amerindian males of Paraguay. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2005 May;127(1):114-21.

Loewit K, Huber J, Ortlieb A, Kraft HG, Widhalm R, Wolfram G.  Salivary LH as an ovulation indicator: comparison between salivary LH, serum LH and ultrasonic findings.  Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 1987 Nov;47(11):800-2.  

Immunoglobulin A (IgA)

Thomas NE, Leyshon A, Hughes MG, Davies B, Graham M, Baker JS. The effect of anaerobic exercise on salivary cortisol, testosterone and immunoglobulin (A) in boys aged 15-16 years. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2009 Nov;107(4):455-61.

Van Anders SM. Gonadal steroids and salivary IgA in healthy young women and men. Am J Hum Biol. 2009 Oct 14.

Seemann R, Hägewald SJ, Sztankay V, Drews J, Bizhang M, Kage A. Levels of parotid and submandibular/sublingual salivary immunoglobulin A in response to experimental gingivitis in humans. Clin Oral Investig. 2004 Dec;8(4):233-7.

McDowell SL, Hughes RA, Hughes RJ, Housh TJ, Johnson GO. The effect of exercise training on salivary immunoglobulin A and cortisol responses to maximal exercise. Int J Sports Med. 1992 Nov;13(8):577-80.

Melatonin:

Bagci S, Mueller A, Reinsberg J, Heep A, Bartmann P, Franz AR. Saliva as a valid alternative in monitoring melatonin concentrations in newborn infants. Early Hum Dev. 2009 Sep;85(9):595-8.

Zhou JN, Liu RY, van Heerikhuize J, Hofman MA, Swaab DF. Alterations in the circadian rhythm of salivary melatonin begin during middle-age. J Pineal Res. 2003 Jan;34(1):11-6.

Nowak R, McMillen IC, Redman J, Short RV. The correlation between serum and salivary melatonin concentrations and urinary 6-hydroxymelatonin sulphate excretion rates: two non-invasive techniques for monitoring human circadian rhythmicity. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1987 Oct;27(4):445-52.

Progesterone:

Liening SH, Stanton SJ, Saini EK, Schultheiss OC. Salivary testosterone, cortisol, and progesterone: two-week stability, interhormone correlations, and effects of time of day, menstrual cycle, and oral contraceptive use on steroid hormone levels. Physiol Behav. 2010 Jan 12;99(1):8-16.

Gavrilova N, Lindau ST. Salivary sex hormone measurement in a national, population-based study of older adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2009 Nov;64 Suppl 1:i94-105.

Celec P, Ostaniková D, Skoknová M, Hodosy J, Putz Z, Kúdela M. Salivary sex hormones during the menstrual cycle. Endocr J. 2009 Jun;56(3):521-3.


Klebanoff MA, Meis PJ, Dombrowski MP, Zhao Y, Moawad AH, Northen A, Sibai BM, Iams JD, Varner MW, Caritis SN, O'Sullivan MJ, Leveno KJ, Miodovnik M, Conway D, Wapner RJ, Carpenter M, Mercer BM, Ramin SM, Thorp JM, Peaceman AM; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Salivary progesterone and estriol among pregnant women treated with 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate or placebo. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Nov;199(5):506.e1-7

Fassett MJ, Lachelin GC, McGarrigle HH, Wing DA. Alterations in saliva steroid hormone levels after oral mifepristone administration in women with pregnancies of greater than 41 weeks' gestation. Reprod Sci. 2008 Apr;15(4):394-9.

Núñez-De La Mora A, Bentley GR, Choudhury OA, Napolitano DA, Chatterton RT. The impact of developmental conditions on adult salivary estradiol levels: why this differs from progesterone? Am J Hum Biol. 2008 Jan-Feb;20(1):2-14.

GANDARA B K, LERESCHE L, MANCL L. Patterns of Salivary Estradiol and Progesterone across the Menstrual Cycle. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007 March; 1098: 446–450.

Wirth MM, Meier EA, Fredrickson BL, Schultheiss OC. Relationship between salivary cortisol and progesterone levels in humans. Biol Psychol. 2007 Jan;74(1):104-7

Chatterton RT Jr, Zujewski J, Mateo ET, Eng-Wong J, Jordan VC. Effect of raloxifene on salivary sex steroid concentrations in premenopausal women. J Endocrinol. 2006 Dec;191(3):599-604.

Chatterton RT Jr, Mateo ET, Lu D, Ling FJ. Interpopulational differences in the concentrations and ratios of salivary and serum progesterone. Fertil Steril. 2006 Sep;86(3):723-5.

Mylonas PG, Makri M, Georgopoulos NA, Theodoropoulou A, Leglise M, Vagenakis AG, Markou KB. Adequacy of saliva 17-hydroxyprogesterone determination using various collection methods. Steroids. 2006 Mar;71(3):273-6.

Chatterton RT Jr, Mateo ET, Hou N, Rademaker AW, Acharya S, Jordan VC, Morrow M. Characteristics of salivary profiles of oestradiol and progesterone in premenopausal women. J Endocrinol. 2005 Jul;186(1):77-84.

Kivlighan KT, Granger DA, Schwartz EB. Blood contamination and the measurement of salivary progesterone and estradiol. Horm Behav. 2005 Mar;47(3):367-70.

Ishikawa M, Sengoku K, Tamate K, Takaoka Y, Kane M, Fottrell PF. The clinical usefulness of salivary progesterone measurement for the evaluation of the corpus luteum function. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2002;53(1):32-7.

Gröschl M, Rauh M, Schmid P, Dörr HG.  Relationship between salivary progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and cortisol levels throughout the normal menstrual cycle of healthy postmenarcheal girls. Fertility and Sterility September 2001; Volume 76, Issue 3, Pages 615-617

Gann PH, Giovanazzi S, Van Horn L, Branning A, Chatterton RT Jr. Saliva as a medium for investigating intra- and interindividual differences in sex hormone levels in premenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001 Jan;10(1):59-64.

 

Peter H. Gann, Susan Giovanazzi, Linda Van Horn, Amy Branning and Robert T. Chatterton, Jr. Saliva as a Medium for Investigating Intra- and Interindividual Differences in Sex Hormone Levels in Premenopausal Women. Can Ep Biomarkers & Prevention Vol. 10, 59-64, January 2001

O'Leary P, Feddema P, Chan K, Taranto M, Smith M, Evans S. Salivary, but not serum or urinary levels of progesterone are elevated after topical application of progesterone cream to pre-and postmenopausal women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2000 Nov;53(5):615-20.

Carey BJ, Carey AH, Patel S, Carter G, Studd JW. A study to evaluate serum and urinary hormone levels following short and long term administration of two regimens of progesterone cream in postmenopausal women. BJOG. 2000 Jun;107(6):722-6.

Wren B, McFarland K, Edwards L, O’Shea P, Sufi S et al. Effect of sequential transdermal progesterone cream on endometrium, bleeding pattern, and plasma progesterone and salivary progesterone levels in postmenopausal women. Cliamcteric 2000;3:155-160.

Lu Y, Bentley GR, Gann PH, Hodges KR, Chatterton RT. Salivary estradiol and progesterone levels in conception and nonconception cycles in women: evaluation of a new assay for salivary estradiol.  Fertil Steril. 1999 May;71(5):863-8.

Lu YC, Chatterton RT, Vogelsong KM, May LK. Direct radioimmunoassay of progesterone in saliva.  J Immunoassay 1997;18:149-163.

Sumiala S, Tuominen J, Huhtaniemi I, Maenpaa J. Salivary progesterone concentrations after tubal sterilization. Obstet Gynecol 1996;88:792-796.

Harris B, Lovett L, Smith J, Read G, Walker R, Newcombe R. Cardiff puerperal mood and hormone study. III. Postnatal depression at 5 to 6 weeks postpartum, and its hormonal correlates across the peripartum period. Br J Psychiatry. 1996 Jun;168(6):739-44.

Harris B, Lovett L, Newcombe RG, Read GF, Walker R, Riad-Fahmy D. Maternity blues and major endocrine changes: Cardiff puerperal mood and hormone study II. BMJ 1994 Apr;308:949-953.

Delfs TM, Klein S, Fottrell P, Naether OG, Leidenberger FA, Zimmermann RC. 24-Hour profiles of salivary progesterone. Fertil Steril 1994;62:960-966.

 

Wingfield M, O'Herlihy C, Finn MM, Tallon DF, Fottrell PF. Follicular and luteal phase salivary progesterone profiles in women with endometriosis and infertility. Gynecol Endocrinol. 1994 Mar;8(1):21-5.

Bolaji II, Tallon DF, O'Dwyer E, Fottrell PF. Assessment of bioavailability of oral micronized progesterone using a salivary progesterone enzymeimmunoassay. Gynecol Endocrinol. 1993 Jun;7(2):101-10.

Finn MM, Gosling JP, Tallon DF, Baynes S, Meehan FP, Fottrell PF. The frequency of salivary progesterone sampling and the diagnosis of luteal phase insufficiency. Gynecol Endocrinol 1992;6:127-134.

Moran DJ, McGarrigle HH, Lachelin GC. Lack of normal increase in saliva estriol/progesterone ratio in women with labor induced at 42 weeks’ gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;167:1563-1564.

Lipson SF, Ellison PT. Normative study of age variation in salivary progesterone profiles.  J Biosoc Sci 1992;24:233-244.

Tulppala M, Bjorses UM, Stenman UH, Wahlstrom T, Ylikorkala O. Luteal phase defect in habitual abortion: progesterone in saliva. Fertil Steril 1991;56:41-44.

O'Rourke MT, Ellison PT.  Salivary measurement of episodic progesterone release. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1990 Mar;81(3):423-8.

Schramm W, Smith RH, Craig PA, Paek SH, Kuo HH. Determination of free progesterone in an ultrafiltrate of saliva collected in situ. Clin Chem 1990;36:1488-1493.

De Cree C, Lewin R, Ostyn M. The monitoring of the menstrual status of female athletes by salivary steroid determination and ultrasonography. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1990;60(6):472-7.

Wong YF, Mao K, Panesar NS, Loong EP, Chang AM, Mi ZJ. Salivary estradiol and progesterone during the  normal ovulatory menstrual cycle in Chinese women. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1990; 34:129-135.

Finn MM, Gosling JP, Tallon DF, Joyce LA, Meehan FP, Fottrell PF. Follicular growth and corpus luteum function in women with unexplained infertility, monitored by ultrasonography and measurement of daily salivary progesterone.  Gynecol Endocrinol. 1989 Dec;3(4):297-308.

Adekunle AO, Kim J B, Collins WP, Whitehead M. Progesterone in saliva as an index of ovarian function.  Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1989 Jan;28(1):45-51.

Vuorento T, Lahti A, Hovatta O, Huhtaniemi I. Daily measurements of salivary progesterone reveal a high rate of anovulation in healthy students. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1989;49:395-401.

Meulenberg PM, Hofman JA. Salivary progesterone excellently reflects free and total progesterone in plasma during pregnancy. Clin Chem 1989;35:168-172.

Young MC, Robinson JA, Read GF, Riad-Fahmy D, Hughes IA.  170H-progesterone rhythms in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Arch Dis Child. 1988 Jun;63(6):617-23.

Perry LA, Wathen N, Chard T. Saliva levels of estradiol and progesterone in relation to nonprotein-bound concentrations in blood during late pregnancy. Horm Metab Res. 1987 Sep;19(9):444-7.

Darne J, McGarrigle HH, Lachelin GC. Saliva oestriol, oestradiol, oestrone and progesterone levels in pregnancy: spontaneous labour at term is preceded by a rise in the saliva oestriol:progesterone ratio. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1987 Mar;94(3):227-35.

Nahoul K, Scholler R. Comparison of saliva and plasma 17-hydroxyprogesterone timecourse response to hCG administration in normal men. J Steroid Biochem 1987;26:251-257.

Petsos P, Ratcliffe WA, Heath DF, Anderson DC. Comparison of blood spot, salivary and serum progesterone assays in the normal menstrual cycle. Clin Endocrin 1986;24:31-38.

Wang DY, Fantl VE, Habibollahi F, Clark GM, Fentiman IS, Hayward JL, Bulbrook RD. Salivary oestradiol and progesterone levels in premenopausal women with breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol1986 Apr;22(4):427-33.

Wang DY, Knyba RE. Salivary progesterone: relation to total and non-protein-bound blood levels. J Steroid Biochem 1985;23:975-979.

Sufi SB, Donaldson A, Gandy SC, Jeffcoate SL, Chearskul S, Goh H, Hazra D, Romero C, Wang HZ. Multicenter evaluation of assays for estradiol and progesterone in saliva. Clin Chem. 1985 Jan;31(1):101-3.

Hughes IA, Read GF. Control in congenital adrenal hyperplasia monitored by frequent saliva 17OH-progesterone measurements. Horm Res. 1984;19(2):77-85.

Choe JK, Khan-Dawood FS, Dawood MY. Progesterone and estradiol in the saliva and plasma during the menstrual cycle. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983;147:557-562.


Testosterone & Dihydrotestosterone (DHT):

Liening SH, Stanton SJ, Saini EK, Schultheiss OC. Salivary testosterone, cortisol, and progesterone: two-week stability, interhormone correlations, and effects of time of day, menstrual cycle, and oral contraceptive use on steroid hormone levels. Physiol Behav. 2010 Jan 12;99(1):8-16.

Bribiescas RG, Hill KR. Circadian variation in salivary testosterone across age classes in Ache Amerindian males of Paraguay. Am J Hum Biol. 2009 Dec 2

Gavrilova N, Lindau ST. Salivary sex hormone measurement in a national, population-based study of older adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2009 Nov;64 Suppl 1:i94-105.

Thomas NE, Leyshon A, Hughes MG, Davies B, Graham M, Baker JS. The effect of anaerobic exercise on salivary cortisol, testosterone and immunoglobulin (A) in boys aged 15-16 years. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2009 Nov;107(4):455-61.

Miskovic V, Schmidt LA. Frontal brain oscillatory coupling among men who vary in salivary testosterone levels. Neurosci Lett. 2009 Oct 30;464(3):239-42.

Lusa Cadore E, Lhullier FL, Arias Brentano M, Marczwski Da Silva E, Bueno Ambrosini M, Spinelli R, Ferrari Silva R, Martins Kruel LF. Salivary hormonal responses to resistance exercise in trained and untrained middle-aged men. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2009 Sep;49(3):301-7.

Celec P, Ostaniková D, Skoknová M, Hodosy J, Putz Z, Kúdela M. Salivary sex hormones during the menstrual cycle. Endocr J. 2009 Jun;56(3):521-3.

Porola P, Virkki L, Przybyla BD, Laine M, Patterson TA, Pihakari A, Konttinen YT. Androgen deficiency and defective intracrine processing of dehydroepiandrosterone in salivary glands in Sjögren's syndrome. J Rheumatol. 2008 Nov;35(11):2229-35.

Di Luigi L, Baldari C, Sgrò P, Emerenziani GP, Gallotta MC, Bianchini S, Romanelli F, Pigozzi F, Lenzi A, Guidetti L. The type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitor tadalafil influences salivary cortisol, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate responses to maximal exercise in healthy men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Sep;93(9):3510-4.

Cadore E, Lhullier F, Brentano M, Silva E, Ambrosini M, Spinelli R, Silva R, Kruel L. Correlations between serum and salivary hormonal concentrations in response to resistance exercise. J Sports Sci. 2008 Aug;26(10):1067-72.

Arregger AL, Contreras LN, Tumilasci OR, Aquilano DR, Cardoso EM. Salivary testosterone: a reliable approach to the diagnosis of male hypogonadism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2007 Nov;67(5):656-62.

Granger DA, Cicchetti D, Rogosch FA, Hibel LC, Teisl M, Flores E. Blood contamination in children's saliva: prevalence, stability, and impact on the measurement of salivary cortisol, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2007 Jul;32(6):724-33.

Lazarou S, Reyes-Vallejo L, Morgentaler A. Wide variability in laboratory reference values for serum testosterone. J Sex Med. 2006 Nov;3(6):1085-9.

Van Anders SM, Watson NV. Menstrual cycle irregularities are associated with testosterone levels in healthy premenopausal women. Am J Hum Biol. 2006 Nov-Dec;18(6):841-4.

Mason A, Wallace AM, Macintyre H, Teoh YP, Bath LE, Critchley HO, Kelnar CJ, Wallace WH, Ahmed SF. Undetectable salivary testosterone in young women with premature ovarian failure. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006 Jun;64(6):711-4.

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